Primary Sources:
Alexandria Gazette, 22 February 1845 (Sambo Anderson’s Obiturary). Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1845-02-22/ed-1/seq-3/
Anderson, Alicia K. and Lynn A. Price, eds. George Washington’s Barbados Diary, 1751-52. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2018.
Azurara, Gomes Eannes de. The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea Vol. 1., chapter XXV. Trans. Charles Raymond Beasley and Edgar Prestage. (New York: Hakluyt Society, 2011), https://www.gutenberg.org/files/35738/35738-h/35738-h.htm.
Costa, Tim, ed. The Geography of Slavery in Virginia. Charlottesville: The Virginia Center for Digital History, 2009. http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/gos/index.html.
"Deed for Ferry Farm Land, 7 July 1748,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-01-02-0002.
“Editorial Note,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-01-02-0115-0001.
Equiano, Olaudah. The Interesting Narrative and Other Writings, edited by Vincent Carretta. New York: Penguin Classics, 2003.
“George Washington’s Last Will and Testament, 9 July 1799,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-04-02-0404-0001.
“Lease of Mount Vernon, 17 December 1754,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-01-02-0116.
Oettinger, Johann Peter. A German Barber-Surgeon in the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Seventeenth-Century Journal of Johann Peter Oettinger, edited and translated by Craig Koslofsky and Roberto Zaugg. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2020.
Papers of George Washington. Founders Online, National Archives and Records Administration. https://founders.archives.gov.
Slave Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database,
https://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/.
“Washington’s Slave List, June 1799,” Founders Online, National Archives and Records Administration, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-04-02-0405.
Teaching Resources:
“Enslaved Worker’s Cabin” Lesson Plan. George Washington Teacher’s Institute, https://www.mountvernon.org/education/lesson-plans/lesson/enslaved-workers-cabin/
“Fountain Hughes: Voices from the Days of Slavery: Stories, Songs and Memories” American
Folklife Center. Hosted by Hermond Norwood. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/podcasts/slavenarratives/podcast_hughes.html.
Lives Bound Together: Slavery at George Washington’s Mount Vernon Online. George Washington’s Mount Vernon, https://www.mountvernon.org/lbtonline
MacLeod, Jessie. “Sambo Anderson.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/sambo-anderson.
MacLeod, Jessie. “Anderson, Sambo (ca. 1760 – 1845).” In Encyclopedia Virginia,
https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/anderson-sambo-ca-1760-1845.
“Slave Ship “L’Aurore”, a 3D Video, created by Emory Center for Digital Scholarship (2019),https://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/ship#slave-\.
Smithsonian Global. “Slave Wrecks Project.”
https://global.si.edu/projects/slave-wrecks-project.
Further Reading:
Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press, 1998
Bradburn, Douglas and John C. Coombs, eds. Early Modern Virginia: Reconsidering the Old Dominion. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2011.
Breen, T.H. and Stephen Innes. "Myne Owne Ground": Race and Freedom on Virginia's Eastern Shore, 1640-1676. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
Brown, Kathleen M. Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia. Chapel Hill: Published by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Christopher, Emma, Cassandra Pybus and Marcus Rediker. Many Middle Passages: Forced Migration and the Making of the Modern World (vol. 5). Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2007.
“Forum: Transformations of Virginia: Tobacco, Slavery, and Empire.” The William and Mary Quarterly 68, no. 3 (2011): 327-426.
Horn, James P. P. Adapting to a New World: English Society in the Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake. Chapel Hill: Published by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the University of North Carolina Press, 1994.
Horn, James P. P. 1619: Jamestown and the Forging of American Democracy. New York: Basic Books, 2018.
Isaac, Rhys. The Transformation of Virginia 1740 – 1790. Chapel Hill: Published by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the University of North Carolina Press, 1982, 1999, 2012.
Jones-Rogers, Stephanie E. They Were Her Property: White Women as Slave Owners in the American South. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020.
McClafferty, Carla Killough. Buried Lives: The Enslaved People of George Washington’s Mount Vernon. New York: Holiday House, 2018.
Miller, Joseph C. Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730-1830. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988.
Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. New York: Norton & Company Inc., 1975, 2003.
Morgan, Philip D. Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
Musselwhite, Paul, Peter C. Mancall, and James Horn, eds. Virginia 1619: Slavery and Freedom in the Making of English America. Chapel Hill: Published by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the University of North Carolina Press, 2019.
Mustakeem, Sowande. Slavery at Sea: Terror, Sex, and Sickness in the Middle Passage. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2016.
Pettigrew, William A. Freedom’s Debt: The Royal African Company and the Politics of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1672-1752. Chapel Hill: Published by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the University of North Carolina Press, 2016.
Quander, Rohulamin. The Quanders: Since 1684, an Enduring African American Legacy. Meadville, PA: Christian Faith Publishing, Inc., 2021.
Ragsdale, Bruce. Washington at the Plow: The Founding Farmer and the Question of Slavery. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press, 2021.
Rediker, Marcus. The Slave Ship: A Human History. New York: Penguin Books, 2007.
Saxon, Martha. The Widow Washington: The Life of Mary Washington. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019.
Scanlan, Padraic X. Slave Empire: How Slavery Made Modern Britain. London: Robinson, 2020.
Schwarz, Philip J., ed. Slavery at the Home of George Washington. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2002.
Smallwood, Stephanie E. Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008.
Stevenson, Brenda. What is Slavery? Cambridge: Polity, 2015.
Thompson, Mary. “The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret”: George Washington, Slavery, and the Enslaved Community at Mount Vernon. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2019.
Thorton, John. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800 (Second Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Walsh, Lorena S. Motives of Honor, Pleasure, and Profit: Plantation Management in The Colonial Chesapeake, 1607 – 1763. Chapel Hill: Published by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
