Primary Sources:
“III-A. Schedule A: Assignment of the Widow’s Dower, c. October 1759,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-06-02-0164-0005.
“George Washington’s Last Will and Testament, 9 July 1799,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-04-02-0404-0001.
“George Washington to John Fairfax, 1 January 1789,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-01-02-0160.
Papers of George Washington. Founders Online. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. https://founders.archives.gov
Washington, George. [Diary entry: 18 February 1786]. Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0018.
“Washington’s Slave List, June 1799”, Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-04-02-0405.
Teaching Resources:
Lives Bound Together: Slavery at George Washington’s Mount Vernon Online. George Washington’s Mount Vernon, https://www.mountvernon.org/lbtonline
MacLeod, Jessie. “Davy Gray.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/davy-gray.
Pogue, Dennis. “House for Families.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/house-for-families/.
Thompson, Mary. “Slavery and Family.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/slavery-and-family/.
Thompson, Mary. “Slavery and Marriage.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/slavery-and-marriage/.
Further Reading:
Berry, Daina Ramey. The Price for Their Pound of Flesh: The Value of the Enslaved, from Womb to Grave, in the Building of a Nation. Boston: Beacon Press, 2017.
Block, Sharon. Rape and Sexual Power in Early America. Chapel Hill: Published by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
Cadou, Carol Borchert, Luke Pecoraro, and Thomas Reinhart, ed. Stewards of Memory: The Past, Present, and Future of Historic Preservation at George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2018.
Camp, Stephanie M. H. Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
Deetz, Kelley Fanto. Bound to the Fire: How Virginia’s Enslaved Cooks helped Invent American Cuisine. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2017.
Dunbar, Erica Armstrong. Never Caught: The Washingtons' Relentless Pursuit of Their Runaway Slave Ona Judge. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 2017.
Dunn, Richard S. A Tale of Two Plantations: Slave Life and Labor in Jamaica and Virginia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.
Fuentes, Marisa J. Dispossessed Lives: Enslaved Women, Violence, and the Archive. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.
Ganeshram, Ramin. The General’s Cook: A Novel. New York: Arcade Publishing, 2018.
McClafferty, Carla Killough. Buried Lives: The Enslaved People of George Washington’s Mount Vernon. New York: Holliday House, 2018.
Newman, Simon P. A New World of Labor: The Development of Plantation Slavery in the British Atlantic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.
Nevius, Marcus. City of Refuge: Slavery and Petit Marronage in the Great Dismal Swamp, 1763-1856. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2020.
Ragsdale, Bruce. Washington at the Plow: the Founding Farmer and the Question of Slavery. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University, 2021.
Rosenthal, Caitlin. Accounting for Slavery: Masters and Management. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 2019.
Sandy, Laura R. The Overseers of Early American Slavery. Oxford: Routledge Books, 2020.
Schoelwer, Susan, ed. Lives Bound Together: Slavery at George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, 2016.
Schwarz, Philip, ed. Slavery: At the Home of George Washington. Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, 2001.
Stanton, Lucia C. “Those Who Labor for My Happiness”: Slavery at Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2012.
Stubbs, Tristan. Masters of Violence: The Plantation Overseers of Eighteenth-Century Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2018.
Thompson, Mary. “The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret”: George Washington, Slavery, and the Enslaved Community at Mount Vernon. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2019.
