Primary Sources:
“George Augustine Washington to George Washington, 8–9 April 1792,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-10-02-0136.
“George Washington’s Last Will and Testament, 9 July 1799,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-04-02-0404-0001.
“North American Slave Narratives.” Documenting the American South, University Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/index.html.
Papers of George Washington. Founders Online. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. https://founders.archives.gov.
Teaching Resources:
Lives Bound Together: Slavery at George Washington’s Mount Vernon Online. George Washington’s Mount Vernon, https://www.mountvernon.org/lbtonline
Devlin, Sean. “Learn about the lives of the enslaved through Archeology.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon, https://youtu.be/ofVZpC3cce0.
Ferraguto, Maria. “Census of the Enslaved Population at Mount Vernon, 1786 and 1799.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/census-of-the-enslaved-population-at-mount-vernon-1786-and-1799/.
MacLeod, Jessie. “Kate.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/kate/.
MacLeod, Jessie. “What Were the Living Conditions of the Enslaved People at Mount Vernon?” George Washington’s Mount Vernon, https://youtu.be/uvg2tnJ3YFY.
McKnight, Cheyney. “A Day in the Life of an Enslaved Cook.” Not Your Mamma’s History, https://youtu.be/Cnq1-UPsUZE.
McKnight, Cheyney. “A Day in the Life of an Enslaved Lady's Maid.” Not Your Mamma’s History, https://youtu.be/Zg94KjclLJo.
Pogue, Dennis. “House for Families.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/house-for-families/.
Thompson, Mary. “Islam at Mount Vernon.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/islam-at-mount-vernon/.
Thompson, Mary. “Private Lives of Slaves.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/private-lives-of-slaves/.
Thompson, Mary. “Slave Clothing.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/slave-clothing/.
Thompson, Mary. “Slave Religion.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/slave-religion/.
Thompson, Mary. “Slavery and Family.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/slavery-and-family/.
Thompson, Mary. “Slavery and Marriage.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/slavery-and-marriage/.
Further Reading:
Breen, Eleanor. “The revolution before the Revolution? A Material Culture Approach to Consumerism at George Washington’s Mount Vernon, VA." PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2013, https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2559.
Breen, Eleanor. “Underpinning a plantation: A material culture approach to consumerism at George Washington’s Mount Vernon,” in Material Worlds: Archaeology, Consumption, and the Road to Modernity. Barbara J. Heath, Eleanor E. Breen, Lori A. Lee, ed. London: Routledge, 2017.
Camp, Stephanie. Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
Deetz, Kelley Fanto. Bound to the Fire: How Virginia’s Enslaved Cooks helped Invent American Cuisine. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2017.
Dunbar, Erica Armstrong. Never Caught: The Washingtons' Relentless Pursuit of Their Runaway Slave Ona Judge. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 2017.
Ganeshram, Ramin. The General’s Cook: A Novel. New York: Arcade Publishing, 2018.
Jones-Rogers, Stephanie E. They Were Her Property: White Women as Slave Owners in the American South. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020.
McClafferty, Carla Killough. Buried Lives: The Enslaved People of George Washington’s Mount Vernon. New York: Holliday House, 2018.
Morgan, Philip D. Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
Nevius, Marcus. City of Refuge: Slavery and Petit Marronage in the Great Dismal Swamp, 1763-1856. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2020.
Quander, Rohulamin. The Quanders: Since 1684, an Enduring African American Legacy. Meadville, PA: Christian Faith Publishing, Inc., 2021.
Ragsdale, Bruce. Washington at the Plow: the Founding Farmer and the Question of Slavery. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University, 2021.
Schermerhorn, Calvin. The Everyday Life of Enslaved People in the Antebellum South, OAH Magazine of History, Volume 23, Issue 2 (April 2009): 31–36.
Schoelwer, Susan, ed. Lives Bound Together: Slavery at George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, 2016.
Schwarz, Philip, ed. Slavery: At the Home of George Washington. Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, 2001.
Stevenson, Brenda. What is Slavery? Cambridge: Polity, 2015.
Stevenson, Brenda. Life in Black and White: Family and Community in the Slave South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Thompson, Mary. “The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret”: George Washington, Slavery, and the Enslaved Community at Mount Vernon. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2019.
Twitty, Michael. The Cooking Gene: A Journey through African-American Culinary History in the Old South. New York: Amistad, 2017.
Walsh, Lorena S. Motives of Honor, Pleasure, and Profit: Plantation Management in The Colonial Chesapeake, 1607 – 1763. Chapel Hill: Published by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
