Primary Sources:
Advertisement for Runaway Slaves, 11 August 1761,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-07-02-0038.
Archibald, Thomas & Davis, Aaron. “Washington’s Runaway Slave,” The Liberator, 22 August 1845. In Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Humanities.
https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/washingtons-runaway-slave-the-liberator-august-22-1845.
Entry for Harry Washington. In “Book of Negroes” from Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester: Papers, The National Archives, Kew (PRO 30/55/100) 10427. African Nova Scotians in the Age of Slavery and Abolition. Nova Scotia Archives.
https://archives.novascotia.ca/africanns/book-of-negroes/results/?Search=washington.
Freedom on the Move: A Database of Fugitives from American Slavery. Cornell University, et al. https://freedomonthemove.org.
George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 19 May 1793, Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-12-02-0483.
George Washington to Tobias Lear, 10 March 1797,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-01-02-0019.
George Washington to Frederick Kitt, 10 January 1798, Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-02-02-0016.
Jefferson, Isaac. Memoirs of a Monticello Slave. Edited by Rayford W. Logan. Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 1951.
Kitt, Frederick. Advertisement for the Capture of Oney Judge, Claypoole’s American 25 May 1796. In Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Humanities.
https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/advertisement-for-the-capture-of-oney-judge-claypooles-american-may-25-1796.
“List of slaves returned from British, 1781.” Historic Manuscript Collection, The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington at Mount Vernon. MVLA. http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll13/id/153.
Louis-Philippe, Diary of My Travels in America, translation by Stephen Becker. New York: Delacorte Press, 1977.
Teaching Resources:
Cannon, Alexandria. “Gradual Abolition Act of 1780.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/gradual-abolition-act-of-1780/.
Dunbar, Erica Armstrong and Kathleen Van Cleve. Never Caught, The Story of Ona Judge: George and Martha Washington’s Courageous Slave Who Dared to Run Away; Young Readers Edition. New York: Aladdin Books, 2020.
“H.M.S. Savage. In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/h-m-s-savage/.
Lenhart, Chelsea. “Hercules Posey.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/hercules/.
Lesson Plan: Putting up Resistance (9-12) https://www.mountvernon.org/education/lesson-plans/lesson/putting-up-resistance/
Lives Bound Together: Slavery at George Washington’s Mount Vernon Online. George Washington’s Mount Vernon, https://www.mountvernon.org/lbtonline.
MacLeod, Jessie. “Ona Judge.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/ona-judge/.
“Slave Control.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/slave-control/.
Thompson, Mary V. “Slave Resistance.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/slave-resistance/.
Further Reading:
Bell-Cook, Karen. Running from Bondage: Enslaved Women and their Remarkable Fight for Freedom in Revolutionary America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
Brown, Vincent. Tacky’s Revolt: The Story of an Atlantic Slave War. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press, 2020.
Camp, Stephanie. Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
Chopra, Ruma. Almost Home: Maroons between Slavery and Freedom in Jamaica, Nova Scotia, and Sierra Leone. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2018.
David, James Corbett. Dunmore’s New World: The Extraordinary Life of a Royal Governor in Revolutionary America—with Jacobites, Counterfeiters, Land Schemes, Shipwrecks, Scalping, Indian Politics, Runaway Slaves, and Two Illegal Royal Weddings. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2013.
Deetz, Kelley Fanto. Bound to the Fire: How Virginia’s Enslaved Cooks helped Invent American Cuisine. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2017.
Ganeshram, Ramin. The General’s Cook: A Novel. New York: Arcade Publishing, 2018.
Holton, Woody. Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia. Chapel Hill: Published by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
Jasanoff, Maya. Liberty’s Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011.
Jeffers, Honorée Fanonne. The Age of Phillis. Middleton, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2020.
Jones-Rogers, Stephanie E. They Were Her Property: White Women as Slave Owners in the American South. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020.
Morgan, Philip D. “‘To Get Quit of Negroes’: George Washington and Slavery.” Journal of American Studies 39, no. 3 (2005): 403–29.
Nash, Gary B. The Forgotten Fifth: African Americans in the Age of Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.
Nevius, Marcus. City of Refuge: Slavery and Petit Marronage in the Great Dismal Swamp, 1763-1856. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2020.
Parkinson, Robert G. The Common Cause: Creating Race and Nation in the American Revolution. Chapel Hill: Published by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the University of North Carolina Press, 2016.
Pybus, Cassandra. Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty. Boston: Beacon Press, 2006.
Ragsdale, Bruce. Washington at the Plow: the Founding Farmer and the Question of Slavery. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University, 2021.
Taylor, Alan. The Internal Enemy: Slavery and War in Virginia, 1772-1832. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2013.
Thompson, Mary. “The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret”: George Washington, Slavery, and the Enslaved Community at Mount Vernon. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2019.
Twitty, Michael. The Cooking Gene: A Journey through African-American Culinary History in the Old South. New York: Amistad, 2017.
Van Buskirk, Judith L. Standing in Their Own Light: African American Patriots in the American Revolution. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2018.
Walker, James W. St. G. The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783-1870. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017.
Whitehead, Ruth Holmes. Black Loyalists: Southern Settlers of Nova Scotia’s First Free Black Communities. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing, 2013.
