Primary Sources:
George Washington’s Last Will and Testament, 9 July 1799, Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-04-02-0404-0001.
Map of Mount Vernon, Plat etc. of Mr. John A. Washington’s part of Mount Vernon, 1225 acres, 10 May 1831. Financial, Real Estate, and Legal Documents, The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington. http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll18/id/377/rec/113.
John Augustine Washington’s Farm Book, 1814-1846. John Augustine Washington Manuscripts, The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington. http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll25/id/620/rec/123.
Gabriel Johnson to John Augustine Washington III, 6 August 1845. John Augustine Washington Manuscripts, The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington. http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll25/id/678/rec/3.
Ann Pamela Cunningham to Eleanor L.S. Washington, 19 December 1853. Early Records of the MVLA, The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington. http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll35/id/1537/rec/1.
Ann Pamela Cunningham, “Draft of Second Appeal,” 18 February 1854. Early Records of the MVLA, The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington. http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll35/id/1565/rec/2.
Edward Everett to Octavia Le Vert, 28 October 1857. Early Records of the MVLA, The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington. http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll35/id/555/rec/9.
Agreement, John A. Washington and the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union for the sale of the estate of Mount Vernon, Virginia, 6 April 1858. Early Records of the MVLA, The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington. http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll35/id/1523/rec/16.
Mount Vernon Record, Vol. 1, No. 3 (1858). Mount Vernon Publications, The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington. http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll2/id/19723/rec/112.
List of property taken by Federal Forces from the Mount Vernon Farm of John Augustine Washington III, 8 June 1861. John Augustine Washington Manuscripts, The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington.
http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll25/id/658/rec/11.
Mount Vernon Estate, Tomb (Photograph), c. 1874-1898. Mount Vernon Estate Images, The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington. http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll30/id/291/.
Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938, Library of Congress https://www.loc.gov/collections/slave-narratives-from-the-federal-writers-project-1936-to-1938/about-this-collection/.
Teacher Resources:
Costello, Matthew. “John Augustine Washington III.” ).” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/john-augustine-washington-iii/.
Gehred, Kathryn. “Why Did Martha Washington Free Her Husband’s Slaves Early?” The Washington Papers, https://washingtonpapers.org/why-did-martha-washington-free-her-husbands-slaves-early/.
Hendry, Justin. “Gabriel Johnson (1820-c.1867).” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/gabriel-johnson-1820-c-1867/.
Lesson Plan: Life After Slavery: A Receipt for Wages to George Smith (Middle and High School, https://www.mountvernon.org/education/lesson-plans/lesson/life-after-slavery-a-receipt-for-wages-to-george-smith/.
MacLeod, Jessie. “Edmund Parker.” In The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, edited by James P. Ambuske. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/edmund-parker/.
Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project (MPCPMP), https://www.middlepassageproject.org.
Further Reading:
Araujo, Ana Lucia. Slavery in the Age of Memory: Engaging the Past. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020.
Brandt, Lydia Mattice. First in the Homes of His Countrymen: George Washington’s Mount Vernon in the American Imagination. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2016.
Cadou, Carol Borchert, Luke Pecoraro, and Thomas Reinhart, ed. Stewards of Memory: The Past, Present, and Future of Historic Preservation at George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2018.
Casper, Scott. Sarah Johnson’s Mount Vernon: The Forgotten History of an American Shrine. New York: Hill and Wang, 2008.
Costello, Matthew R. The Property of the Nation: George Washington’s Tomb, and the Memory of the First President. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2019.
Downer, Joe. “Forgotten No Longer: Archaeology of the Slave Cemetery at George Washington's Mount Vernon.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon, https://www.mountvernon.org/preservation/archaeology/slave-burial-ground-research/slave-cemetery-survey-project-review/.
George Washington’s Mount Vernon. “Interpretation of Slavery at Mount Vernon Timeline.”https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/slavery/timeline-of-interpretation-of-slavery-at-mount-vernon/.
Jones-Rogers, Stephanie E. They Were Her Property: White Women as Slave Owners in the American South. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020.
McClafferty, Carla Killough. Buried Lives: The Enslaved People of George Washington’s Mount Vernon. New York: Holliday House, 2018.
Nevius, Marcus. City of Refuge: Slavery and Petit Marronage in the Great Dismal Swamp, 1763-1856. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2020.
Quander, Rohulamin. The Quanders: Since 1684, an Enduring African American Legacy. Meadville, PA: Christian Faith Publishing, Inc., 2021.
Rothman, Joshua D. The Ledger and the Chain: How Domestic Slave Traders Shaped America. New York: Basic Books, 2021.
Schoelwer, Susan, ed. Lives Bound Together: Slavery at George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, 2016.
Thompson, Mary. “The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret”: George Washington, Slavery, and the Enslaved Community at Mount Vernon. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2019.
